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Where can I find additional resources on health and human rights in Roma and San communities?
Resources
To further your understanding on the topic of health and human rights in minority communities, a list of commonly used resources has been compiled and organized into the following categories:
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Declarations and Resolutions: UN
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European regional instruments
European Union
Council of Europe treaties and recommendations
Other relevant commitments
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Books
General
- Hills, LeGrand and Piachaud. Understanding Social Exclusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Roma
- Crowe, D. and J. Kolsti (eds) The Gypsies of Eastern Europe. ME Sharpe INC., 1991.
- Crowe, D. M. A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1996.
- Finnish National Board of Education. The Roma and Health Services: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. Helsinki: National Board of Education, 2000.
- Liegeois, J-P. and N. Gheorghe. Roma/Gypsies: A European Minority. London: Minority Rights Group, 1995.
- Majtényi, B. and B. Vizi (eds). A Minority in Europe: Selected International Documents regarding the Roma. Budapest, Gondolat-RIENM, 2006.
- McDonald, C., Kovács, J. and Cs. Fényes. The Roma Education Resource Book. Open Society Institute, 2001.
- Stewart, M. The Time of the Gypsies: Studies in the Ethnographic Imagination. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.
- Zamfir, C. and M. Preda (eds) Roma in Romania. Bucharest; Expert Publishing House, 2002.
- Zoon, I. On the Margins: Roma and Public Services in Romania, Bulgaria, and Macedonia. Open Society Institute, 2001.
San
- Anaya, J. Indigenous Peoples in International Law, Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Hohmann, T. San and the State: An Introduction in San and the State. Contesting land, development identity and representation. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag Köln ( ASCL 33846), 2003.
- Lee, Richard F. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979.
- Leffers, Arno. Gemsbok Bean and Kalahari Truffle: Traditional Plant Use by Ju/’hoansi in North-Eastern Namibia, Gamsberg Macmillan, Windhoek, 2003.
- Malan, J.S. The Peoples of Namibia. Rhino Publishers, 1995.
- Marshall, L. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 1976.
- McNeil, Kent. Common Law Aboriginal Title. Oxford University Press 1989.
- Mendelsohn, John. Selma el Obeid and Carole Roberts, A Profile of North Central Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan, Windhoek, 2000.
- Mendelsohn, John and el Obeid, Selma. The Communal Lands in Eastern Namibia. Namibian Nature Foundation Windhoek, 2002.
- Mendelsohn, John et al. Atlas of Namibia. David Philip, Cape Town, 2002.
- Shostak, M. Nisa: the Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
- Widlock, Thomas. Living on Mangetti: Bushman Autonomy and Namibian Independence. Oxford University Press, 1999.
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Reports, key articles, and other documents
General
- European Commission Directorate General of Employment and Social Affairs. Equality and non-discrimination in an Enlarged European Union. Green Paper. Brussels, 2005.
Source: europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l14157.htm
- European Commission. Joint Report by the Commission and the Council on Social Exclusion. Brussels, 2004.
- Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington DC, 2001.
Source: www.iom.edu/?id=4475&redirect=0
- Whitehead, Margaret The concepts and principles of equity and health. WHO/EURO, Copenhagen, 1991.
Roma
- Antic. Roma and the Right to Health Care in Serbia. Minority Rights Center, Belgrade, 2005.
- Bodewig, C. and A. Sethi. Poverty, Social Exclusion and Ethnicity in Serbia and Montenegro: The Case of the Roma. World Bank, 2005.
- Council of Europe. Breaking the Barriers: Romani Women and Access to Public Health Care. Office for Official Publications of European Communities: Luxembourg, 2003.
- Delphio Consulting. Cigányok Magyarországon – szociális-gazdasági helyzet, egészségi állapot, szociális és egészségügyi szolgáltatásokhoz való hozzáférés. (Roma in Hungary: Social-economic condition, health status and acccess to health services) Budapest 2004.
Source: www.delphoi.hu/download-pdf/roma-szoc-eu.pdf
- European Centre for Minority Issues. Roma on Integration: Analysis and Recommendations. ECMI Monograph No. 3, 2005.
- European Centre on Health and Societies in Transition, LSHTM & Department of Social Medicine and Health Care, Masaryk University. Health Needs of the Roma Populations in the Czech and Slovak Republics: a Literature Review. World Bank.
Source: www.lshtm.ac.uk/ecohost/roma.pdf
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. Third Report on Bulgaria. Situation of the Roma Community in Bulgaria. Strasbourg, 2003.
Source: www.macedonianhr.org.au/ECRI_Bulgaria_Report3.pdf
- European Commission, Directorate General for Employment and Social Affairs. The Situation for Roma in an Enlarged European Union. Brussels, 2005.
- European Roma Rights Centre. Ambulance not on the way: the Disgrace of Health Care for Roma in Europe. Open Society Institute, 2006.
- Fundacion Secretariado General Gitano y Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Health and the Roma Community: Analysis of Action Proposals. Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, Madrid, 2005.
Source: www.msc.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/promocion/desigualdadSalud/docs/
Health_and_the_Roma_Community.pdf
- Kostadinova, G. Substantive Equality, Positive Action and Roma Rights in the European Union. Minority Rights Group International, London, 2006.
Source: www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRG_RomaBriefing2006.pdf
- Open Society Institute Public Health Program. Mediating Romani Health: Policy and Program Opportunities. Open Society Institute, 2005.
- Resource Center for Roma Communities and Open Society Institute EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program and Roma Participation Program. Monitoring the Local implementation for the Government Strategy for the Improvement of the Condition of Roma. Open Society Institute, 2004.
- Ringold, D., Orenstein, MA, and E. Wilkens. Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle. Washington DC: World Bank, 2006.
- Rorke, B. and A. Wilkens (eds). Roma Inclusion: Lessons Learned from OSI’s Roma Programming. Open Society Institute, 2006.
- Schaaf, M. Confronting a Hidden Disease: TB in Roma Communities. Open Society Institute, 2007.
- Surdu, L. and M. Surdu. Broadening the Agenda: The Status of Romani Women in Romania. Open Society Institute, 2006.
- UNDP-Romanian Country Office. Social Assessment of Roma and HIV/AIDS in Central East Europe. Bucharest, 2003.
- UNICEF. Breaking the Cycle of Exclusion: Roma Children in South East Europe. Belgrade, February 2007.
Source: www.unicef.org/ceecis/070305-Subregional_Study_Roma_Children.pdf
- United Nations Development Program. Avoiding the Dependency Trap: the Roma Human Development Report. 2003.
Source: www.romanothan.ro/engleza/reports/docs/Avoiding%20theDependency%20Trap.pdf
San
- Becker, H. The Least Sexist Society? Perspectives on Gender, Change and Violence among southern African San. Journal of Southern African Studies 29(1): 5–23, 2003.
- Bennett, T.W. and Powell, C.H. Aboriginal Title in South Africa Revisited, South African Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 15, p. 449, 1999.
- Bishop, Kristyna. Squatters in their Own Land: San Territoriality in Western Botswana, Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol. 31, pp. 96-97, 1998.
- Boden, Gertrud. Caught in the Middle: Impacts of State Decisions and Armed Conflicts on Khwe Economy and Society in West Caprivi between 1998 and 2002, in Thekla Hohmann, San and the State: Contesting Land, Development, Identity and Representation, Rudiger Koppe Verlag, Köln, pp. 161-204, at 171-175, 2003.
- Brenzinger, Matthias. Moving to Survive: Kxoe Communities in Arid Lands, Working Paper No. 2, Khoisan Forum, University of Cologne, Germany, 1997.
- Chan, T.M. The Richtersveld Challenge: South African Finally Adopts Aboriginal Title, in Robert Hitchcock and Diana Vinding, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Southern Africa, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Copenhagen, pp. 114-133, at 121, 2004.
- Communal Land Holders: Resolving the Inconsistency Between Article 16, Article 100 and Schedule 5”, South African Journal on Human Rights, Vol. 12 (1996), p. 467.
- Curry, James. The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation. Oxford, 2001, pp.38-58.
- Dieckmann, Ute. Hai//om: Between the “Bushman Problem” and San Activism, Colonial Imaginations and Postcolonial Appropriations of Ethnicity in Namibia, PhD dissertation, University of Cologne, 2005.
- Felton, S. and Becker, H. A Gender Perspective of the status of the San in Southern Africa. Regional assessment of the status of the San in Southern Africa. Report series no 5 of 5. Legal Assistance Centre, Windhoek, 2001.
- Geingos, V. and Brörmann, M. San, Land Rights and Development: Can San survive without land? Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) Namibia. Paper submitted at Indigenous Rights in the Commonwealth Project Africa Regional Expert Meeting. Indigenous People of Africa Coordinating Committee (IPACC) South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa October 2002.
- Gordon, Robert. Can Namibian San Stop Dispossession of their Land, in Edwin N. Wilmsen, We Are Here: Politics of Aboriginal Land Tenure, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 138-154, 153, 1989.
- Gordon, Robert. The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass, Westview, 1992.
- Griffin, Graham. Welcome to Aboriginal Land: Anangu Ownership and Management of Ulura-Kata National Park, in Dawn Chatty and Marcus Colchester, Conservation and Mobile Indigenous Peoples: Displacement, Forced Settlement and Sustained Development, Berghahn Books, New York, 2002, pp. 362-376.
- Harring, Sidney L. Indigenous Land Rights and Land Reform in Namibia, in Robert Hitchcock and Diana Vinding, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Southern Africa, International Working Group for Indigenous Rights, Copenhagen, 2004, pp. 63-81.
- Harring, Sidney L., and Odendaal, Willem. One Day We Will Be Equal: A Socio-Legal Perspective on the Namibian Land Reform and Resettlement Process, Legal Assistance Centre, Windhoek, 2002.
- Harring, Sidney L. and Odendaal, Willem. Our land they took: San land rights under threat in Namibia. Legal Assistance Centre, Windhoek, 2006
- Health Unlimited. Baseline assessment for two Health Unlimited project areas in eastern and north Namibia. Knowledge, Intention to act and behavior review. (Unpublished), 2003.
- Health Unlimited. Follow-up assessment for two Health Unlimited Project areas in Eastern and North Namibia. Knowledge, Intention to act and behaviour review. (Unpublished), 2004.
- Health Unlimited. Namibia Community Health Programme (NCHP). Tsumkwe Project. Evaluation of TB interventions in the period 1995-2003. (Unpublished), 2004.
- Hitchcock, Robert J. Communities and Consensus: An Evaluation of the Activities of the Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative and the Nyae Nyae Development Foundation in Northeastern Namibia, report to the Ford Foundation and the Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia, 1992.
- Hitchcock, R.K. and Draper, P. Health Issues Among the San of Western Botswana, 2003.
Source: www.kalaharipeoples.org/documents/San-heal.htm
- Jones, Brian and Murphree, Marshall. The Evolution of Policy on Community Conservation in Namibia and Zimbabwe, in David Hulme and Marshall Murphree, African Wildlife and Livelihoods.
- Koot, Stasja P. Resettlement in Tsintsabis: Namibian Bushmen in a Changing World, thesis,University of Utrecht, 2000.
- Lee, R.B. & Susser, I. The San of Southern Africa: A Status Report. American Anthropology Association. Appendix 1. AIDS and the San: How Badly Are They Affected? 2003.
Source: www.aaanet.org/committees/cfhr/san.htm
- Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation (MLRR), The National Resettlement Policy,MLRR, Windhoek, 2001.
- Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation, The National Land Use Policy, Windhoek, 2002.
- Molamu, J and Manyeneng, W.G. Alcohol use and Abuse in Botswana. Health Education Unit, Government of Botswana: Gaborone in Gujadhur, T (2000) Alcohol Abuse Intervention Strategies for Rural (Bushmen) Settlements Embarking on CBNRM. IUCN/SNV CBNRM Support Programme, Botswana, 1998.
Source: www.cbnrm.net/pdf/gujadhur_t_001_alcoholabuse.pdf
- National Association of CBNRM Support Organisations (NACSO), Namibia’s Communal Conservancies: A Review of Progress and Challenges, 2004.
- National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse program. Unknown. Literature Review: Evaluation Strategies in Aboriginal Substance Abuse Programs: A Discussion. NNADAP Canada in Gujadhur, T. Alcohol Abuse Intervention Strategies for Rural (Bushmen) Settlements Embarking on CBNRM. IUCN/SNV CBNRM Support Programme, Botswana, 2000.
- National Society for Human Rights, The Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Kxoe People of Namibia, Windhoek, 1996.
- Odendaal, Willem. Our Land We Farm, Land, Environment and Development Project of the Legal Assistance Centre, Windhoek, 2005.
- Ohenjo, N.O., Willis, R., Jackson, D., Nettleton, C., Good, K., Mugarua, B. Indigenous health in Africa. Lancet 2006: 367:1937-46, 2006.
Source: www.thelancet.com
- Orth, Ina. Identity as Dissociation: The Khwe’s Struggle for Land in West Caprivi”, in Thekla Hohmann, San and the State: Contesting Land, Development, Identity and Representation, Rudiger Koppe Verlag, Köln, pp. 124-127, 2003.
- Otjozondjupa Communal Land Board, Annual Report 2004, Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation, Windhoek.Richard Pakleppa, “Report on Investigations of Controversial Land Allocations in Tsumkwe District West, Namibia, between June 16 and July 4, 2002”, Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA), Windhoek, 2002.
- Patemann, Helgard. Traditional Authorities in Process: Tradition, Colonial Distortion, and Reappropriation within the Secural, Democratic and Unitary State of Namibia, Centre for Applied Social Sciences (CASS), Windhoek, 2002.
- Robins, Steven, Madzudzo, Elias and Brenzinger, Matthias. An Assessment of the Status of the San in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Legal Assistance Centre, Windhoek, 2001.
- Robins, Steven. NGOs, Bushmen and Double Vision: The ‡Khomani San Land Claim and the Cultural Politics of Community and Development in the Kalahari, in Thekla Hohmann, San and the State: Contesting Land, Development, Identity and Representation, Rudiger Koppe Verlag,Köln, 2003.
- Rousset, Karine. To be Khwe Means to Suffer: Local Dynamics, Imbalances and Contestations in the Caprivi Game Park, unpublished MA thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cape Town, March 2003.
- Stephens, C., Porter, J., Nettleton, C. and Willis, R. Disappearing, displaced, and undervalued: a call to action for Indigenous health worldwide. Lancet 2006; 367: 2019-28, 2006.
Source: www.thelancet.com
- Suzman, James. An Assessment of the Status of the San in Namibia, Legal Assistance Centre,Windhoek, 2001.
- Suzman, James. Etosha Dreams: An Historical Account of the Hai//om Predicament, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, p. 221, 2004.
- Suzman, J. Minorities in Independent Namibia, Minority Rights Group International, 2002.
Source: www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/NamibiaReport.pdf
- Suzman, J. An assessment of the status of the San in Namibia. Regional assessment of the status of the San in Southern Africa. Report series 4 of 5. Legal Assistance Centre, Windhoek, 2001.
- Taylor, J. Short-term indigenous population mobility and service delivery. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 118, 1997.
Source: www.anu.edu.au/caepr/briefs/brief13.php
- United Nations development programme. Country Fact Sheets, Namibia. The Human Development Index – going beyond income, 2005.
Source: hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_NAM.html
- Widlock, Thomas and Widlock, Dagman. The Hai//om of eastern Ovamboland and the Lands Issue, report on the national conference on the future land policy of Namibia, Windhoek, 25 June to 1 July 1991.
- Widlock, Thomas. Problems of Land Rights and Land Use in Namibia: A Case Study from the Mangetti Area, University of Namibia, Social Sciences Division, SSD Discussion Paper No. 5, March, 1994.
- Widlock, Thomas. The Needy, the Greedy and the State: Dividing the Hai//om Land in the Oshikoto Region, in Thekla Hohmann, San and the State: Contesting Land, Development, Identity and Representation, Rudiger Koppe Verlag, Köln, pp. 87-119 2003.
- Wiesnner, P. Risk, reciprocity and social influences on !Kung San economies, In Politics and history in Band Societies. Eleanor Leacock and Richard Lee, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. PP. 61-84, 1982.
- Wiesnner, P. Owners of the Future? Calories, Cash, Casualties and Self-Sufficiency in the Nyae Nyae Area between 1996 and 2003. Visual Anthropology Review. Vol 19, Issue 1-2, pages 149-159, 2003.
- Wiesnner, P. Project Proposal: The World Bank Grant Facility for Indigenous Peoples. Water, Food, and Stability In The Nyae Nyae Area: Preserving The Social Fabric, 2004.
- Williams, Frieda-Nela. Pre-Colonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A History of Owambo Kingdoms, 1600-1920, National Archives of Namibia, pp. 51-93, 1991.
- World Wildlife Fund, Report on Mbukushu Migration to Kxoe Use Areas to the East of the Okavango River, June 1997.
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Websites
General
- Center for Disease Control’s Office of Minority Health
The goal of the Center is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling the disproportionate burden of disease, injury and disability among racial and ethnic minority populations.
www.cdc.gov/omh
- European Center for Minority Issues
The Center is an interdisciplinary institution with main activities including practice-oriented research, information, documentation and advisory services on minority-majority relations in Europe.
www.ecmi.de
- International Society for Equity in Health (ISEqH)
The ISEqH promotes equity in health and health services internationally through education, research, publication, communication, and charitable support.
www.iseqh.org
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
OSCE is the largest regional security organization in the world with 55 participating states from Europe, Central Asia, and North America. It works in early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, and post-conflict rehabilitation.
www.osce.org/index.php
- Project on Ethnic Relations
The Project is dedicated to preventing ethnic conflict in Central and Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the former Soviet Union.
www.per-usa.org/per.html
- The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
The Agency is a body of the European Union built upon the former European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). Its main objective is to provide assistance and expertise related to fundamental rights to institutions and authorities of the European Community and its Member States when implementing Community law.
eumc.europa.eu/eumc/index.php
Roma
- Council of Europe’s Roma and Travellers Division
The Division works on bringing about a long-term improvement in the situation of Roma and Travellers by encouraging member states to adopt a comprehensive approach in fighting racism, intolerance and social exclusion.
www.coe.int/T/DG3/RomaTravellers/Default_en.asp
- Decade of Roma Inclusion
The Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005–2015 is a political commitment by governments in Central and Southeastern Europe to combat Roma poverty, exclusion, and discrimination within a regional framework. The Decade is an international initiative that brings together governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, as well as Romani civil society to accelerate progress toward improving the welfare of Roma and to review such progress in a transparent and quantifiable way. Each country has agreed to implement Health Action Plans which include indicators.
www.romadecade.org
- Dosta
Dosta, a Romani word meaning "enough", is an awareness raising campaign which aims at bringing non-Roma closer to Roma citizens.
www.dosta.org/
- European Roma Information Office (ERIO)
ERIO is an international advocacy organization promoting political and public discussion on Roma issues by serving as a policy information resource office for European Union institutions, Roma civil organizations, governmental authorities and intergovernmental bodies.
www.erionet.org
- European Roma Rights Center
The center is an international public interest law organization that monitors the human rights situation of Roma and provides legal defense in cases of human rights abuse.
www.errc.org
- Fundacion Secretariado General Gitano
The Foundation is a non-profit intercultural social organization that promotes the development of Roma communities in Spain and on the European level. FSGG has implemented and reported on a number of health programs and issues.
www.fsgg.org
- OSI’s Roma Initiatives Office (RIO)
RIO works to guide and coordinate all aspects of OSI network programming and grant-making activity related to Roma beneficiaries, including work undertaken by other OSI initiatives and Soros foundations.
www.soros.org/initiatives/roma
- OSI’s Roma Participation Program (RPP)
RPP is an OSI grants program that supports Roma activists in Central and Eastern Europe to take charge of their lives, to participate in decisions that affect them, and to advocate for their rights as equal citizens of their own countries.
www.soros.org/initiatives/roma/focus/rpp
- Romani CRISS - Roma Center for Social Intervention and Studies
Romani CRISS is an NGO promoting the rights of the Roma communities in Romania by means of conflict resolution, mediation, litigation, legal aid, and advocacy. Its aim is to combat and prevent racial discrimination against Roma in all areas of public life, including health, education, employment, and housing.
www.romanicriss.org
- The League of the Decade in Serbia
The League is a coalition of Roma and non-Roma NGOs advocating for efficient implementation of a National Action Plan for Health by the Serbian Government for the Decade of Roma Inclusion (2005 – 2015). The League works closely with the Serbian Ministry of Health for monitoring allocation of resources to promote Roma health based on civil society research and input.
Source: www.romadecade.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=167&Itemid=85
- World Bank site for Roma
The involvement of the World Bank in Roma issues stems from its agenda of economic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe. The World Bank addresses the challenges faced by Roma in its efforts to promote the process of building cohesive and inclusive societies in the region. The World Bank published the resource “Roma in an Expanding Europe – Breaking the Poverty Cycle.”
Source: web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTROMA/
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San
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